![]() ![]() ![]() Considering these different phenotypes, the BMI classification is insufficient to adequately stratify patients with obesity regarding types of adiposity, cardiovascular risk or adequacy of therapeutic interventions. Lastly, there is the Sarcopenic Obesity phenotype, characterized by low skeletal mass and increased fat mass percentage ( 10). Normal weight obesity syndrome presents values of body fat mass above 30% with BMI values within the healthy range. Another phenotype is described as Metabolic Obesity with Normal Weight, in which individuals, despite having normal weight, present high values of visceral adipose tissue, lower insulin sensitivity, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and increased plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This phenotype may transition to metabolically unhealthy obesity and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Some of the phenotypes described in the literature are Metabolically Healthy Obesity, in which a high BMI is associated with an apparently healthy metabolic profile, lower visceral adipose tissue, high values of lean mass, and high cardiorespiratory fitness. The BMI has been used to stratify patients into risk categories and to monitor changes in adiposity since it is an easy, affordable, and quick tool for clinical use, despite its limitations ( 6, 7).ĭifferent obesity phenotypes are associated with additional cardiovascular risk ( 8, 9). Large population studies described the relationship between a higher BMI and increased mortality/morbidity risk ( 2, 4, 5). Nevertheless, clinical obesity is classified based on the body mass index (BMI), expressed as the ratio of body weight in kilograms divided by the height in square meters ( 2, 3). Obesity is characterized by an excess of body fat, which can be measured by body composition analysis. Most of the world’s population lives in countries where obesity and overweight kill more people than underweight ( 1). According to the World Health Organization, around 2 billion adults are overweight 50 million have obesity. The prevalence of obesity continues to rise, predicted to become the biggest epidemic in history. Body composition will also be assessed, and blood samples will be collected to quantify circadian and metabolic biomarkers.ĭiscussion: This study is expected to contribute to a better understanding of the impact of obesity and dietary intake on circadian biomarkers and, therefore, increase scientific evidence to help future therapeutic interventions based on chronobiology, with a particular focus on nutritional interventions. Data will be collected to characterize the chronotype, dietary intake, and sleep quality through validated questionnaires. Methods: Adults with obesity (study group) and healthy adults (control group), aged between 18 and 75, will be enrolled in this study. Objective: The present study is a prospective observational controlled study conducted in Portugal, aiming to characterize the chronotype and determine its relation to the phenotype and dietary patterns of patients with obesity and healthy participants. The characterization of the chronotype and circadian system as an innovative phenotype of a patient’s form of obesity is gaining increasing importance for the development of novel and pinpointed nutritional interventions. This index only considers weight and height, being limited in portraying the multiple existing obesity phenotypes. 6ESSLei, School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugalīackground: The prevalence of obesity continues to rise, and although this is a complex disease, the screening is made simply with the value of the Body Mass Index.5Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Castelo Branco, Portugal.4EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.3Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.2Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.1ciTechCare-Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal.Marlene Lages 1,2,3,4, Renata Barros 2,3,4, Sara Carmo-Silva 5 and Maria P. ![]()
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